At the molecular level, excessive androgen receptor activation has been shown to stimulate phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways, promoting cardiomyocyte hypertrophy while simultaneously enhancing mitochondrial oxidative injury (73)
It is suggested that AGE accumulation is associated with poor follicular and embryonic development as well as with a low likelihood of pregnancy due to intracellular damage by cross-linking, molecular trapping or binding to specific cell surface receptors (129, 130)
It does not cause gastrointestinal irritation or ulceration and has an excellent safety profile when used at recommended doses (maximum 4 grams per 24 hours in adults with normal liver function and body weight)
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All subtypes affect women and men with an equal frequency and have a similar prognosis with cure rates of between 95 and 100% [25]
